Etymologically
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servio

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈsɛr.wi.oː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsɛr.vi.o][1]

Forms

serviō (present infinitive servīre, perfect active servīvī or serviī, supine servītum); fourth conjugation, impersonal in the passive[1]

Etymology

It is from servus “slave” with the verb suffix -iō, perhaps from a Proto-Italic *serwiō, possibly cognate with Umbrian seritu.[2][1] Plautus and Terence have old imperfects and futures such as ⟨servībam⟩, ⟨servībō⟩.[2][3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of serving a master as a slave and of serving one's interests.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It meant to be a slave, serve a master, wait on, and of lovers and worshippers to serve, as in Plautus, and in Cicero to live in slavery.[2][5] From Cicero it meant of states or persons to be politically subject, to labour for one's country, and in Vitruvius to devote oneself to an occupation.[2] It meant to act in subservience to an interest, to adhere to terms, and of things to be of service, serve as.[2] In law, as in Gaius, land “served” when it was subject to a servitude or a rent.[2]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to serve, be in bondage, wait upon, obey.[6] It survives in Italian servire, French, Spanish and Portuguese servir and Romanian șerbi, and English serve came through Old French in the late 12th century.[1][7]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of serving a master.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of political subjection.[2][4]
  • 140–180 AD – Gaius uses it of land subject to a servitude.[2][4]
  • late 12th century – English serve is recorded.[7]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To be a slave; to serve, wait on.[2]
  2. To be politically subject.[2]
  3. To labour for; to devote oneself to.[2]
  4. To be subservient to; to adhere to.[2]
  5. Of things, to be of service; to serve as.[2]
  6. (law) Of land, to be subject to a servitude.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  6. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com