Etymologically
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sane

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈsaː.neː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsaː.ne][1]

Forms

sānē (comparative sānius, superlative sānissimē)[1]

Etymology

It is formed from sānus (“sound, healthy, sane”) with the adverb ending ⟨-ē⟩.[2][1][3] De Vaan calls the reconstruction Proto-Italic *sāno-, ⟨*seh₂-no-⟩, purely mechanical; sānus may come from a root ⟨*seh₂-⟩ “to tie”, “in order”, or from ⟨*sh₂-⟩ “to satisfy”, as in satis.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Plautus,[3] who has bonum est pauxillum amāre sānē, īnsānē nōn bonum est, “it is good to love a little, sanely; to love insanely is not good”.[2]

Semantic evolution

Sānē is at first “soundly” (an augural formula reported by Festus: sānē sarctēque audīre) and “sensibly, soberly”.[2][1] Much more often it strengthens a statement, “certainly, truly, really”, and qualifies adjectives and adverbs, “very, quite” (Plautus: sānē brevest, “it is quite short”, nōn sānē, “not very”).[2][1] Sānē quam is “extremely” (Cicero: sānē quam refrīxit, “it has cooled off very much”).[2][5] It agrees to a proposal, “by all means” (Plautus: eō ego. — ī sānē, “I'm going. — Go by all means”), and concedes, “admittedly, to be sure”, often ironically.[2][1]

Church Latin glosses it “soberly, sensibly, truly”, and sānē quam “enormously”.[5]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: amāre sānē;[2][3] ī sānē.[2][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero: sānē quam refrīxit.[2][3]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace: nōn ego sānius bacchābor Ēdōnīs, “I will rave no more sanely than the Thracians”.[2][3]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. Soundly; sensibly, soberly.[2][1][5]
  2. certainly, truly, really.[2][1][5]
  3. Very, quite;[2][1] nōn sānē, not very.[2][1]
  4. sānē quam: extremely.[2][5]
  5. By all means (agreeing).[2]
  6. admittedly, to be sure.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson