Etymologically
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risus

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈriː.sʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈriː.s̬us][1]

Forms

rīsus m (genitive rīsūs); fourth declension[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin rīdeō (“to laugh”) + -tus, an action noun.[2][1][3] De Vaan finds no good Indo-European etymology for ⟨rīdeō⟩ and rejects the old comparison with Sanskrit व्रीडते (vrīḍate, “is shy”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is Plautus, of laughter.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[3]

Semantic evolution

It meant laughter or a laugh, as in Cicero's rīsum movēre “to raise a laugh”, and in Propertius by metonymy an object of laughter, a laughing-stock.[2][5][6] Apuleius has Rīsus as the god of Laughter.[6]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it means laughter.[7] It survives as French ris, Italian and Portuguese riso, Spanish risa and Romanian râs.[1]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.[2][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero has rīsum movēre.[5][3]
  • 57/46–12 BC – Propertius uses it of a laughing-stock.[2][3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Laughter, a laugh.[2][5]
  2. An object of laughter, laughing-stock.[2]

Word family

  • rīsiloquium

Usage notes

Niermeyer records a Medieval Latin risus (also risium) “rice”, an unrelated word.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill