Etymologically
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proturbo

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [proːˈtʊr.boː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [proˈtur.bo][1]

Forms

prōturbō (present infinitive prōturbāre, perfect active prōturbāvī, supine prōturbātum); first conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin prō- + turbō1 (“to disturb, throw into confusion”).[2][3][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLL finds it first in the Rhetorica ad Herennium and in Caesar,[3] who has enemy horsemen easily beaten off and driven back.[4][5]

Semantic evolution

It means to drive someone forth in confusion, to push out of the way or repel.[2][4] Lewis & Short call it mostly post-Augustan and note that Cicero does not use it.[4] The TLL finds it only once or twice each in the Rhetorica ad Herennium, Caesar, Virgil, Ovid and Livy, and somewhat more often in Statius and Tacitus.[3] Livy has enemies driven off with missiles, Columella drones driven out of the hive, and Justin a man driven into exile.[4][5] Valerius Maximus and Apuleius use it of being pitched forward, for example from a horse, and Valerius Flaccus of the north wind driving Aeolus from his high throne.[2] In poetry Ovid uses it of bearing down a forest, and Silius Italicus of forcing a panting murmur out of the breast.[4][5] Stelten glosses it in Church Latin as "disturb".[6]

Timeline

  • 86/82 BC – The Rhetorica ad Herennium.[3][7]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar of horsemen driven back.[4][5]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of enemies driven off with missiles.[4]
  • 1st century AD – Columella of drones driven from the hive.[4][5]
  • 98–115 AD – Tacitus, one of the authors who use it most.[3]
  • c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius of being thrown off.[2]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To drive forth in confusion, push out of the way, repel.[2][4][5][1]
  2. To pitch (someone) forward, throw off.[2]
  3. (transferred) To make (someone) leave in a hurry.[2]
  4. (poetic) To bear down, overthrow (a forest); to force out (a sound).[4][5]
  5. (Ecclesiastical Latin) To disturb.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de