proturbo Latin · revision 34020

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=86/82 BC, Rhetorica ad Herennium|origins=la turbō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [proːˈtʊr.boː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [proˈtur.bo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōturbō''' (present infinitive prōturbāre, perfect active prōturbāvī, supine prōturbātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|prō-|turbō#1|t2=to disturb, throw into confusion]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it first in the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' and in Caesar,^(TLL) who has enemy horsemen easily beaten off and driven back.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to drive someone forth in confusion, to push out of the way or repel.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short call it mostly post-Augustan and note that Cicero does not use it.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL finds it only once or twice each in the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'', Caesar, Virgil, Ovid and Livy, and somewhat more often in Statius and Tacitus.^(TLL) Livy has enemies driven off with missiles, Columella drones driven out of the hive, and Justin a man driven into exile.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Valerius Maximus and Apuleius use it of being pitched forward, for example from a horse, and Valerius Flaccus of the north wind driving Aeolus from his high throne.^(OLD 2012) In poetry Ovid uses it of bearing down a forest, and Silius Italicus of forcing a panting murmur out of the breast.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Stelten glosses it in Church Latin as "disturb".^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar of horsemen driven back.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of enemies driven off with missiles.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella of drones driven from the hive.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus, one of the authors who use it most.^(TLL)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius of being thrown off.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|drive]] forth in confusion, push out of the way, [[m|en|repel]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To pitch (someone) forward, throw off.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(transferred)'' To make (someone) leave in a hurry.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(poetic)'' To bear down, [[m|en|overthrow]] (a forest); to force out (a sound).^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To [[m|en|disturb]].^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}