Etymologically
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protendo

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [proːˈtɛn.doː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [proˈtɛn.do][1]

Forms

prōtendō (present infinitive prōtendere, perfect active prōtendī, supine prōtēnsum); third conjugation[1] The perfect participle is prōtentus, more rarely prōtēnsus.[2][3]

Etymology

It is from Latin prō- + tendō (“to stretch”).[4][1][2] The TLL compares Ancient Greek προτείνω (proteínō, “to stretch forth”).[2] De Vaan traces tendō to Proto-Italic *tend- and Proto-Indo-European *ten-d(ʰ)- (“to stretch”), the root that also gave teneō.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lewis & Short's earliest quotation is Catullus, who writes of a gaze stretched out over the surging sea.[3]

Semantic evolution

It is to stretch out before one, extend: in Virgil spears are thrust far forward, Ovid has arms stretched toward the sea, Petronius upturned hands held out to someone's knees, and Tacitus a neck stretched out bravely.[4][3] It is also to hold out a thing for others to see: in Tacitus a man holds out his son, commending him now to individuals, now to the whole crowd.[4] Of mountains and other features it is to stretch forward, as Seneca's Cithaeron with its steep ridges.[4] In time it is to prolong: Seneca writes of how far a human life can be extended, and Gellius uses it of lengthening a sound in speech.[4] Lewis & Short note it is not used by Cicero, and give porrigō as a synonym.[3] Church Latin glosses it to hold up, stretch forward, extend and lengthen.[6]

Timeline

  • 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus of a gaze stretched out over the sea.[3][7]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of spears thrust forward.[4][7]
  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of a ridge and of a lengthened life.[4][7]
  • c. 165 AD – Gellius of lengthening a sound.[4][7]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To stretch out or forth, extend; to hold out, present.[4][3][1][6]
  2. Of landscape features, to stretch forward.[4]
  3. To prolong (in time); to lengthen (a sound).[4][1]

Word family

  • protensio

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  3. ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de