Etymologically
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propugno

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [proːˈpʊŋ.noː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [proˈpuɲ.ɲo][1]

Forms

prōpugnō (present infinitive prōpugnāre, perfect active prōpugnāvī, supine prōpugnātum); first conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin prō- + pugnō (“to fight”).[2][1][3] De Vaan derives pugnō from pugna (“fight”), from the root of pungō (“to prick”) and pugnus (“fist”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *pung- and Proto-Indo-European *pu-n(e)-g/k-.[4] Martianus Capella wrongly derives the verb from prōpugnātor.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLL finds it in prose from Cicero and Caesar on, and in verse only once in Horace, twice in Statius and once in Claudian.[3] Its first quotation is Cicero's early treatise on rhetoric: not to fight against the interests of the country but for them.[3][5]

Semantic evolution

It is to fight in defence of a position: Caesar has the Remi gaining the will to fight for their town with hope of defence, and enemies making sallies from the woods.[2][6][3] Cicero asks whether animals do not fight for their young so as to receive wounds, and Horace has a man who fights for trifles as if armed.[2] Transitively it is to defend or protect: Statius has a man shielding his breast with an enemy shield.[2] An inscription spells it with ⟨-punn-⟩.[3] Church Latin glosses it to fight for, defend.[7]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of fighting for the country and of animals fighting for their young.[3][2][5]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar of defending a town and of sallies.[2][6][5]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace of fighting for trifles.[2][5]
  • c. 45–96 AD – Statius of shielding one's breast.[2][5]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To fight in defence of something; to make sallies.[2][6][1][7]
  2. To defend, protect.[2][6][1]

Word family

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson