Etymologically
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proinde

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [proˈɪn.dɛ][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [proˈin.de][1]

Forms

proinde (not comparable)[1] It is shortened to proin, and in Plautus and Terence it is usually one syllable.[2][3]

Etymology

It is formed from prō- (“forward”) and inde (“thence”).[4][1][5] The TLL explains that the adverb ⟨prō-⟩ was strengthened by ⟨inde⟩, so that it first meant “further on, onward from here”, a formation like deinde and exinde.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler first records it in Naevius,[5] who has ōdī summussōs: proinde apertē dīce quid sit, “I hate mutterers: so say plainly what it is”.[4]

Semantic evolution

Proinde with ut, prout or atque is “according as, in proportion as”, and alone “accordingly”.[4][1] It is also “in the same way as”, and with quasi or ac sī, often ironically, “just as if” (Plautus, Cicero).[4][1] Introducing a consequence it is “so then, therefore”, above all in exhortations and appeals (Naevius, Plautus, Cicero, Caesar).[4][2][1]

Church Latin glosses it “hence, accordingly, just as, in the same manner”.[6] Medieval Latin also uses it for “thereafter” and “from now on”.[7]

Timeline

  • c. 235–200 BC – Naevius: proinde apertē dīce quid sit.[4][5]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it with ut.[4][5]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero in exhortations.[4][5]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. According as, in proportion as; accordingly.[4][1][6]
  2. In the same way as, (with quasi) just as if.[4][1][6]
  3. So then, therefore, hence.[4][2][1][6]
  4. (Medieval Latin) Thereafter; from now on.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c d Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill