Etymologically
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proiectus

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Forms

prōiectus (feminine prōiecta, neuter prōiectum; comparative prōiectior, superlative prōiectissimus); first/second-declension adjective[1]

Etymology

Used as an adjective, it is the perfect passive participle from Latin prōiciō (“to throw forward”).[1][2][3] That verb is a compound of prō- and iaciō (“to throw”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *jak-i- and to Proto-Indo-European *(H)ieh₁- (“to throw, let go”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates the adjective from Cicero,[5] who in De domo sua speaks of a man's intolerable audacity with a headlong and unbridled greed.[1]

Semantic evolution

Its literal sense is jutting out, projecting: Virgil has the projecting rocks of Pachynus.[1] Figuratively it means rushing headlong, especially into vice, as in Cicero's phrase.[1] From "thrown down" it also came to mean abject and grovelling: Seneca writes of a humble and abject mind.[1] With regard to reputation it means of no account, despised: the elder Seneca has a rhetorician of no mean name.[1]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of headlong greed.[1][5]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of projecting rocks.[1]
  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of an abject mind.[1]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Prominent, projecting, jutting out.[1][2]
  2. (figurative) Rushing headlong, precipitate (especially into vice).[1]
  3. (of character) Abject, grovelling;[1] (of reputation) despised, of no esteem.[1]

Usage notes

A separate fourth-declension noun prōiectus, found only in the ablative singular, means a jutting out or projection: Lucretius uses it of the huge spread of Tityos' body, and Pliny the Elder of the spread of foliage.[1][2][6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften