Etymologically
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praesideo

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [prae̯ˈsɪ.de.oː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [preˈs̬iː.de.o][1]

Forms

praesideō (present infinitive praesidēre, perfect active praesēdī, supine praesessum); second conjugation, no passive[1]

Etymology

It is from prae- “before” and sedeō “to sit”, so literally “to sit in front”.[2][1][3] The best manuscripts of Tacitus have the perfect ⟨praesīdī⟩.[3] Medieval manuscripts often spell it ⟨pre-⟩.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero, of keeping guard and of tutelary gods.[2] Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.[5]

Semantic evolution

Its literal sense, to sit in front, is rare and mostly late, as Suetonius' sitting before the temple of Jupiter.[3][6] It meant to keep guard over, protect, as Cicero's urbī praesidēre, and of gods to watch over a place.[2][6] From Caesar it meant to command or govern, as a general or governor, and in Tacitus to preside over a function or ceremony.[2]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to preside over, guard, govern, direct.[7] French présider gave English preside in the 1610s, and its participle praesidēns is the source of English president.[8]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of guarding.[2][5]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of command.[2][5]
  • 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of presiding.[2][5]
  • 1610s – English preside is recorded.[8]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To sit in front.[3]
  2. To keep guard over, protect; of gods, to watch over.[2]
  3. To preside over.[2]
  4. To command, govern.[2]

Word family

  • praeses
  • praesessiō
  • praesidatus
  • praesidēns

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com