Etymologically
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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈpɫaː.neː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈplaː.ne][1]

Forms

plānē (comparative plānius, superlative plānissimē)[1] Comparative plānius, superlative plānissimē.[2]

Etymology

It is formed from Latin plānus (“flat, level, clear”) + -ē.[2][1] De Vaan traces plānus to Proto-Italic *plāno- and Proto-Indo-European *pl(e)h₂-nó- (“flattened”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Plautus,[4] who uses it for “plainly, so as to be seen”: hīc istam collocā cruminam in collō plānē, “hang that purse right here on my neck where it can be seen”.[2]

Semantic evolution

Plānē is first “plainly, clearly, distinctly”, to the senses and to the mind (Caesar: before he could be clearly seen).[2][1] It confirms that a statement is right, “clearly, obviously”, and serves as a reply, “quite so” (Plautus: plānē istuc est).[2][1] It also means “utterly, absolutely, quite” (Plautus: periī plānē, “I'm completely ruined”, Terence).[2][1]

Döderlein notes that plānē “completely” is the opposite of paene “almost” and vix “hardly”, while omnīnō means “altogether”, as opposed to “partly”.[5] Church Latin glosses it “plainly, surely, simply”.[6]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: plānē istuc est.[2][4]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence: illum plānē perdis.[2][4]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar: prius quam plānē ab eīs vidērī posset.[2][4]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. Plainly, clearly, distinctly.[2][1][6]
  2. Clearly, obviously; quite so (in answers).[2][1]
  3. Utterly, absolutely, quite, completely.[2][1][5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson