Etymologically
Log in

munio

This is the current revision of this entry, as edited by bogdan on 16 October 2026 at 16:03. This address is a permanent link to this version.
Changes in this edit History

Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈmuː.ni.oː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmuː.ni.o][1]

Forms

mūniō (present infinitive mūnīre, perfect active mūnīvī or mūniī, supine mūnītum); fourth conjugation[1] Plautus has the archaic form moeniō.[2]

Etymology

It is from ⟨moene⟩, the old singular of moenia “city walls”, with the verb suffix -iō; the archaic form was ⟨moeniō⟩.[2][1][3] De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic ⟨*moini-⟩ “protective wall”, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European ⟨*(H)moi-ni-⟩ “construction”, and compares Sanskrit मिनोति (minóti, “to fix, build”) and Latvian ⟨mìet⟩ “to drive piles”.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from the Twelve Tables, of building a road.[2]

Semantic evolution

It meant to fortify a place with defensive works, as in Plautus, and in Cicero to defend, guard, and to provide with a protective wall or covering.[2] In Accius it meant to safeguard, buttress a person or institution, and in Gellius apparently to ward off.[2] The oldest technical sense was building a road with a firm surface, as in the Twelve Tables.[2]

It survives in Italian munire and French munir “to provide with”.[1] Its noun mūnītiō gave English munition.[5]

Timeline

  • c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of building a road.[2]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of fortifying.[2][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of defending.[2][6]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To fortify.[2]
  2. To defend, guard.[2]
  3. To protect with a wall or covering.[2]
  4. To safeguard, support.[2]
  5. To build (a road).[2]

Word family

  • admoenio
  • circummūniō
  • commūniō
  • ēmūniō
  • immūniō
  • mūnīmen
  • mūnīmentum
  • mūnītiō
  • mūnītō
  • mūnītor
  • munitrix
  • mūnītūra

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  6. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de