munio Latin · revision 8405

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Twelve Tables|origins=la moenia}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmuː.ni.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmuː.ni.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mūniō''' (present infinitive mūnīre, perfect active mūnīvī or mūniī, supine mūnītum); fourth conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the archaic form ''moeniō''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from ⟨moene⟩, the old singular of [[moenia]] “city walls”, with the verb suffix [[-iō]]; the archaic form was ⟨moeniō⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic ⟨*moini-⟩ “protective wall”, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European ⟨*(H)moi-ni-⟩ “construction”, and compares [[sa|मिनोति|tr=minóti|t=to fix, build]] and Latvian ⟨mìet⟩ “to drive piles”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from the Twelve Tables, of building a road.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to fortify a place with defensive works, as in Plautus, and in Cicero to defend, guard, and to provide with a protective wall or covering.^(OLD 2012) In Accius it meant to safeguard, buttress a person or institution, and in Gellius apparently to ward off.^(OLD 2012) The oldest technical sense was building a road with a firm surface, as in the Twelve Tables.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It survives in Italian ''munire'' and French ''munir'' “to provide with”.^(Wiktionary) Its noun ''mūnītiō'' gave [[en|munition]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of building a road.^(OLD 2012)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of fortifying.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of defending.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|fortify]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|defend]], guard.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To protect with a wall or covering.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To safeguard, support.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To build (a road).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[admoenio]]

+ * [[circummūniō]]

+ * [[commūniō]]

+ * [[ēmūniō]]

+ * [[immūniō]]

+ * [[mūnīmen]]

+ * [[mūnīmentum]]

+ * [[mūnītiō]]

+ * [[mūnītō]]

+ * [[mūnītor]]

+ * [[munitrix]]

+ * [[mūnītūra]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[moenia]]

+ * [[en|munition]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}