Etymologically
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mansuetus

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [mãːˈsʷeː.tʊs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [manˈsʷɛː.tus][1]

Forms

mānsuētus (feminine mānsuēta, neuter mānsuētum); first/second-declension adjective[1]

Etymology

Used as an adjective, it is the perfect passive participle from Latin mānsuēscō (“to tame; grow tame”),[2][1][3] literally "accustomed to the hand", from manus (“hand”) and suētus (“accustomed”).[4][3] De Vaan thinks the adjective, from ⟨*manu-suēto-⟩, is probably older than ⟨mānsuēs⟩; ⟨suēscō⟩ goes back to Proto-Italic *swē(þ)-sk-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *sue(h₁-)dʰh₁- (“to make one's own, get accustomed”).[5] Festus explained it as "used to coming to the hand".[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Naevius.[6] Among the OLD's first citations, Terence's Andria speaks of the duties of a humane and gentle mind.[2]

Semantic evolution

Of animals it means tamed, domesticated: Varro says the wild ass is easily made tame, and that young bullocks will be tame in a few days;[2][3] Livy has a tame pig, and Grattius stalls of tame beasts.[3][2] Of peoples it means civilized: Cicero says no people is so civilized or so wild that it does not know it must have a god.[2] Of persons and character it is mild and gentle: Cicero asks why a man was so suddenly gentle in the senate when he had been so fierce in his edicts, and says he is turning from speeches to the gentler Muses.[3] Of things it is not harsh, as Livy's mild evil, or Propertius' calm shores.[2][3] Döderlein contrasts it with cicur, which is tameness in a merely physical sense, opposed to ferus, while mānsuētus also has a moral sense, a mild disposition, opposed to saevus.[7] In Church Latin it is meek, humble and gentle.[8] Etymonline derives the English mastiff, through Old French, probably from a Vulgar Latin derivative meaning "tame".[9]

Timeline

  • c. 235–200 BC – Naevius.[6]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence of a gentle mind.[2]
  • 116–27 BC – Varro of tamed animals.[2][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of civilized peoples and gentle men.[2][3]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. (of animals) Tame, domesticated; belonging to tame animals.[2][3][1]
  2. (of peoples) Civilized.[2]
  3. Mild, gentle, quiet;[2][3] (of things) not harsh.[2][3]
  4. (Ecclesiastical Latin) Meek, humble.[8]

Word family

  • mānsuētē

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  5. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  6. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  8. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  9. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com