Etymologically
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manifestus

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ma.nɪˈfɛs.tʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ma.niˈfɛs.tus][1]

Forms

manifestus (feminine manifesta, neuter manifestum, comparative manifestior, superlative manifestissimus, adverb manifestō); first/second-declension adjective[1] The older form is manufestus.[2][3]

Etymology

The first part is manus (“hand”); the second is unclear.[2][4][1] The OLD and the TLL compare the ⟨-festus⟩ of īnfestus (“hostile”), and the TLL glosses it “caught”, so “caught by the hand”;[2][5] Lewis & Short connect it with ⟨-fendō⟩ as in dēfendō.[3] De Vaan, following Leumann, derives it from ⟨*manū festus⟩ with the first vowel shortened; its meanings point to a sense like “grabbing” for ⟨-festus⟩, but he finds a link with Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold”), which Wiktionary cites, not very compelling.[4][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and Köbler date it from the Twelve Tables,[4][6] which speak of a theft that is nec manifestum, “not caught in the act”.[2]

Semantic evolution

Manifestus is first legal: a thief “caught in the act, plainly guilty” (Plautus: nec magis manifestum ego hominem umquam ūllum tenērī vīdī, “I never saw anyone more red-handed”), and a crime “detected, flagrant”.[2][3][1] From this it means “clear to the mind, evident” (Cicero: facts so well known, attested and obvious), with manifestum est “it is plain that” and manifestum facere “to make clear”.[2][1] It is also “clearly visible” (Virgil: the household gods appeared in a clear light), “unmistakable”, and “giving clear signs” of something.[2][1]

Church Latin glosses it “manifest, clear, open, visible, evident”.[7] English manifest comes from it, partly through Old French, in the late 14th century.[8]

Timeline

  • c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables: nec manifestum.[2][6]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: manifēstī moechī.[2][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero: ita testātās, ita manifēstās.[2][6]
  • late 14th century – English manifest.[8]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. (of a criminal) Caught in the act, plainly guilty.[2][3][1]
  2. (of a crime) Detected, flagrant.[2][1]
  3. evident, obvious, clear.[2][3][1][7]
  4. Clearly visible; unmistakable.[2][1][7]

Word family

  • immanifestus
  • manifestārius
  • manifestō
  • manifestātiō
  • manifestātor

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  6. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com