manifestus Latin · revision 18039

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=compound|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=la manus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ma.nɪˈfɛs.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ma.niˈfɛs.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''manifestus''' (feminine manifesta, neuter manifestum, comparative manifestior, superlative manifestissimus, adverb manifestō); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ The older form is ''manufestus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The first part is [[m|la|manus|t=hand]]; the second is unclear.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The OLD and the TLL compare the ⟨-festus⟩ of [[m|la|īnfestus|t=hostile]], and the TLL glosses it “caught”, so “caught by the hand”;^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Lewis & Short connect it with ⟨-fendō⟩ as in [[m|la|dēfendō]].^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan, following Leumann, derives it from ⟨*manū festus⟩ with the first vowel shortened; its meanings point to a sense like “grabbing” for ⟨-festus⟩, but he finds a link with [[ine-pro|*dʰers-|t=to be bold]], which Wiktionary cites, not very compelling.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from the Twelve Tables,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) which speak of a theft that is ''nec manifestum'', “not caught in the act”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Manifestus'' is first legal: a thief “caught in the act, plainly guilty” (Plautus: ''nec magis manifestum ego hominem umquam ūllum tenērī vīdī'', “I never saw anyone more red-handed”), and a crime “detected, flagrant”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) From this it means “clear to the mind, evident” (Cicero: facts so well known, attested and obvious), with ''manifestum est'' “it is plain that” and ''manifestum facere'' “to make clear”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It is also “clearly visible” (Virgil: the household gods appeared in a clear light), “unmistakable”, and “giving clear signs” of something.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “manifest, clear, open, visible, evident”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|manifest]] comes from it, partly through Old French, in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables: ''nec manifestum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''manifēstī moechī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''ita testātās, ita manifēstās''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|manifest]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(of a criminal)'' Caught in the act, plainly guilty.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(of a crime)'' Detected, [[m|en|flagrant]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|evident]], obvious, clear.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Clearly visible; unmistakable.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[immanifestus]]

+ * [[manifestārius]]

+ * [[manifestō]]

+ * [[manifestātiō]]

+ * [[manifestātor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[manus]]

+ * [[īnfestus]]

+ * [[en|manifest]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}