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manifesto

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Two words are spelled manifestō, both formed from manifestus: the adverb “in the act, clearly” and the verb “to reveal”.[1][2]

manifesto1 in the act, plainly

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ma.nɪˈfɛs.toː][2]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ma.niˈfɛs.to][2]

Forms

manifestō (comparative manifestius, superlative manifestissimē)[2] It is also spelled manufestō.[1]

Etymology

The adverb is from Latin manifestus (“caught in the act; evident”) + -ō.[1][2] The OLD takes manifestus as apparently manus (“hand”) with an element seen in īnfestus, and Wiktionary calls the second element uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold”).[1][2]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Plautus,[3] in whose Asinaria someone promises that another will catch the man himself in the act, and in the same play a man is caught red-handed in theft.[1][4]

Semantic evolution

With verbs of catching and detecting it is in the act, red-handed, undeniably.[1][4] It also means evidently, plainly: Pliny the Elder says it is plain that moisture hardens into stone.[1] Priscian lists it among adverbs in ⟨-ō⟩.[4]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of catching someone in the act.[1][4][3]
  • 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of something plainly seen.[1][3]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. In the act, red-handed.[1][4]
  2. Manifestly, plainly, clearly, openly.[1][2]

manifesto2 to reveal

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ma.nɪˈfɛs.toː][2]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ma.niˈfɛs.to][2]

Forms

manifestō (present infinitive manifestāre, perfect active manifestāvī, supine manifestātum); first conjugation[2]

Etymology

The verb is from Latin manifestus (“evident”) + -ō, a denominal verb.[1][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLL finds it from Ovid on,[4] in whom the gleam of a helmet will reveal a man in hiding.[1][5]

Semantic evolution

Lewis & Short call it poetic and post-classical, and the TLL says it is very rare before the middle of the 2nd century, then found in the jurists and everywhere.[5][4] It is to make visible or known: Mela uses it of a fact made plain, and Justinus of showing gratitude.[1][5] Quintilian uses it of a word that clarifies a thought.[1] In inscriptions the passive is used of what an imperial rescript lays down.[1] Church Latin glosses it to reveal, manifest, make known.[6]

Timeline

  • 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of a hidden man revealed.[1][4][3]
  • 43/44 AD – Mela of a fact made plain.[1][3]
  • c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian of clarifying a thought.[1][3]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To make visible, reveal; to make known, show clearly.[1][5][2][6]
  2. To make plain, disclose;[1] (passive) to be laid down in a rescript.[1]
  3. To make clearer, clarify.[1]

Word family

  • manifestātiō
  • manifestator

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  3. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  5. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson