Etymologically
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libertas

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [liːˈbɛr.taːs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [liˈbɛr.tas][1]

Forms

lībertās f (genitive lībertātis); third declension[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin līber (“free”) + -tās.[2][1][3] Līber goes back to Proto-Italic *lewþ-ero-, Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ-ero-.[3] The old spelling loebertātem quoted by Festus confirms an earlier diphthong.[3][2]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Naevius.[3] Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It meant the civil status of a free person, freedom as opposed to slavery, as in Plautus, and the political freedom of a sovereign people, independence, as Accius' Tullius who secured freedom for the citizens.[2] It also meant freedom from restraint, freedom to do something, freedom to live as one pleases, as Cicero's definition potestās vīvendī ut velīs, and independence of character, as Ennius' freedom of the man with a pure, firm heart.[2] In speech it meant frankness, and in a bad sense licence, as Cicero's excessive freedom of youth.[2] Lībertās was also a goddess.[2]

In Medieval Latin it meant a deed of manumission, a privilege or immunity, and a settlement freed for a time from dues.[5][6][7] English liberty came through Old French liberte in the late 14th century.[8]

Timeline

  • c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.[3][4]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus contrasts it with slavery.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero defines it as the power to live as one wishes.[2][4]
  • late 14th century – English liberty is recorded.[8]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Freedom (as opposed to slavery).[2]
  2. Political freedom, independence.[2]
  3. Freedom from restraint.[2]
  4. Freedom or opportunity (to do something).[2]
  5. Freedom to do as one pleases.[2]
  6. Independence of character.[2]
  7. Frankness of speech.[2]
  8. Excessive freedom, licence.[2]
  9. (Medieval Latin) A privilege, immunity.[5][6]

Word family

  • statūlībertās

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  6. ^ a b Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
  7. ^ Lexicon mediae et infimae Latinitatis Polonorum (1953–), Kraków: Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN; electronic ed. elexicon.scriptores.pl
  8. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com