libertas Latin · revision 6841

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *h₁lewdʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [liːˈbɛr.taːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [liˈbɛr.tas]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lībertās''' ''f'' (genitive lībertātis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|līber|-tās|t1=free]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) ''Līber'' goes back to [[itc-pro|*lewþ-ero-]], [[ine-pro|*h₁lewdʰ-ero-]].^(de Vaan 2008) The old spelling [[m|la|loebertātem]] quoted by Festus confirms an earlier diphthong.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the civil status of a free person, freedom as opposed to slavery, as in Plautus, and the political freedom of a sovereign people, independence, as Accius' Tullius who secured freedom for the citizens.^(OLD 2012) It also meant freedom from restraint, freedom to do something, freedom to live as one pleases, as Cicero's definition ''potestās vīvendī ut velīs'', and independence of character, as Ennius' freedom of the man with a pure, firm heart.^(OLD 2012) In speech it meant frankness, and in a bad sense licence, as Cicero's excessive freedom of youth.^(OLD 2012) ''Lībertās'' was also a goddess.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant a deed of manumission, a privilege or immunity, and a settlement freed for a time from dues.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)^(eLexicon Polonorum) [[en|liberty]] came through Old French ''liberte'' in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus contrasts it with slavery.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero defines it as the power to live as one wishes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''liberty'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Freedom]] (as opposed to slavery).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Political freedom, [[m|en|independence]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Freedom from restraint.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Freedom or opportunity (to do something).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Freedom to do as one pleases.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Independence of character.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Frankness of speech.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Excessive freedom, [[m|en|licence]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A privilege, immunity.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[statūlībertās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[līber]]

+ * [[līberālis]]

+ * [[līberālitās]]

+ * [[līberāliter]]

+ * [[līberātiō]]

+ * [[līberātor]]

+ * [[līberē]]

+ * [[līberī]]

+ * [[līberō]]

+ * [[liberta]]

+ * [[lībertus]]

+ * [[en|liberty]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}