Etymologically
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iuxta

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈjuːk.staː], [ˈjʊk.staː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈjuk.sta][1]

Forms

iū̆xtā (not comparable)[1]

Etymology

Its origin is unclear, but it was an ablative form.[1] De Vaan explains the preserved cluster /kst/ by syncope from ⟨*iūgVstād⟩, ablative of an adjective ⟨*iūgVsto-⟩, perhaps “yoked”, from Proto-Indo-European ⟨*(H)yewg-s-⟩ “yoke”.[2] The OLD suggests a superlative ⟨*iugistā⟩ of an adjective related to iugum “yoke” and iungō “to join”.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan's first source is Plautus, whom Köbler dates c. 250–184 BC.[2][4] The OLD's earliest citation for the adverb is from Caesar: legiō quae iūxtā cōnstiterat “the legion that had halted close by”.[3][5]

Semantic evolution

As an adverb it meant close by, side by side, as in Caesar and Pliny the Elder's “two theatres side by side”.[3][6] In Sallust it meant alike, equally.[3] As a preposition with the accusative it meant next to, beside, as in Caesar; immediately after, as in Celsus; close upon a time, as in Sallust; and in Vitruvius in conformity with, according to.[3]

British Medieval Latin used it for near by, as of deacons seated beside a bishop at Jarrow.[7] It survives in archaic French jouxte.[1] Through Vulgar Latin ⟨*iuxtāre⟩ “to come together” it gave Old French joster and English joust about 1300.[8]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.[2][4]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of place.[3][4]
  • c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it, “according to”.[3][4]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. Close by, side by side.[3]
  2. Alike, equally.[3]

Preposition

  1. (with accusative) Next to, beside.[3]
  2. Immediately after.[3]
  3. According to.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  6. ^ Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  7. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
  8. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com