iuxta Latin · revision 8328

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la iugum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈjuːk.staː], [ˈjʊk.staː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈjuk.sta]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iū̆xtā''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is unclear, but it was an ablative form.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan explains the preserved cluster /kst/ by syncope from ⟨*iūgVstād⟩, ablative of an adjective ⟨*iūgVsto-⟩, perhaps “yoked”, from Proto-Indo-European ⟨*(H)yewg-s-⟩ “yoke”.^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD suggests a superlative ⟨*iugistā⟩ of an adjective related to [[iugum]] “yoke” and [[iungō]] “to join”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan's first source is Plautus, whom Köbler dates c. 250–184 BC.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's earliest citation for the adverb is from Caesar: ''legiō quae iūxtā cōnstiterat'' “the legion that had halted close by”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adverb it meant close by, side by side, as in Caesar and Pliny the Elder's “two theatres side by side”.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) In Sallust it meant alike, equally.^(OLD 2012) As a preposition with the accusative it meant next to, beside, as in Caesar; immediately after, as in Celsus; close upon a time, as in Sallust; and in Vitruvius in conformity with, according to.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ British Medieval Latin used it for near by, as of deacons seated beside a bishop at Jarrow.^(DMLBS) It survives in archaic French ''jouxte''.^(Wiktionary) Through Vulgar Latin ⟨*iuxtāre⟩ “to come together” it gave Old French ''joster'' and [[en|joust]] about 1300.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of place.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it, “according to”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Close by, side by side.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Alike, equally.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # (with accusative) [[m|en|Next]] to, beside.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Immediately after.^(OLD 2012)

+ # According to.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iungō]]

+ * [[iugum]]

+ * [[iūxtim]]

+ * [[en|juxtaposition]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}