Etymologically
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iucundus

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [juːˈkʊn.dʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [juˈkun.dus][1]

Forms

iūcundus (feminine iūcunda, neuter iūcundum, comparative iūcundior, superlative iūcundissimus, adverb iūcundē); first/second-declension adjective[1] It is also spelled iōcundus, influenced by iocus “joke”.[2][3]

Etymology

It is from iuvō “to help, delight” with the suffix -cundus, through ⟨*iuwicondos⟩.[2][1][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of pleasant experiences.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It meant pleasant, agreeable, delightful, as in Plautus, in Cicero of people congenial, and in Lucilius agreeable to the senses.[2] Döderlein explains that grātum is what is welcome only for its value to us.[5]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant pleasing, acceptable, happy.[6] British Medieval Latin used it of things pleasing to the senses and of agreeable experiences.[7] It survives in Italian giocondo and Spanish jocundo, and through Old French it gave English jocund in the late 14th century.[1][3]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the pleasant.[2][4]
  • c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of the senses.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of congenial people.[2][4]
  • late 14th century – English jocund is recorded.[3]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Pleasant, delightful.[2]
  2. Congenial.[2]
  3. Agreeable to the senses.[2]

Word family

  • iniūcundus
  • iūcunditās
  • iūcundō
  • periūcundus

Usage notes

Döderlein distinguishes it from grātus.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  6. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press