Etymologically
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iubar

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈjʊ.bar][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈjuː.bar][1]

Forms

iubar n (genitive iubaris); third declension[1] Ennius and the Aetna treat it as masculine.[2][3] Ennius once has iubār.[4]

Etymology

De Vaan, following Dunkel's analysis, traces it to Proto-Italic *dju-faos and Proto-Indo-European *diu-bʰeh₂-es- (“having or bringing the light of daytime”), a compound of the word for sky or day with the root of shining, first an epithet of some neuter noun.[4] He compares Sanskrit भास् (bhā́s-, “light, radiance”) and Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to shine, reveal”).[4] The OLD calls the origin doubtful and the TLL uncertain;[2][5] Lewis & Short and Köbler connect it with iuba “mane”,[3][6] and ancient writers derived it from the mane or from Jupiter.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Ennius,[4] in whom someone asks whether the light seen in the sky is the dawn.[2]

Semantic evolution

It is first the light of dawn: Pacuvius has the rising of the morning light, and Virgil chosen young men leaving the gates at sunrise.[2] More generally it is the radiance of heavenly bodies or of fire: Lucretius has the sun's trembling light under the earth, and Ovid the morning star raising its bright light from the sea.[2][3] Festus explains it as the star the Greeks call Phosphorus or Hesperus.[3] Concretely it is a source of light: in Ovid a soul is to be made into a star.[2][3] Figuratively it is splendour or glory, as Martial's radiance pouring from Caesar's face.[3] Church Latin glosses it radiance, beaming light.[7]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius of dawn in the sky.[2][4][6]
  • 220–130 BC – Pacuvius of the rising light.[2][6]
  • 96–55 BC – Lucretius of the sun's light.[2][6]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of sunrise.[2][6]
  • 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of the morning star and of a soul made a star.[2][3][6]

Meanings

Noun

  1. The first light of day, dawn.[2][1]
  2. Radiance, brightness of heavenly bodies or fire; a source of light, a star.[2][3][1][7]
  3. (figurative) Splendour, glory.[3][1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  6. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson