intemperanter

Forms

intemperanter (comparative intemperantius, superlative intemperantissimē)^[1] Comparative intemperantius, superlative intemperantissimē.^[2][3][1]

Etymology

It is from Latin intemperāns (“intemperate”) + -ter.^[2][4] intemperāns is the negative of temperāns, from temperō (“to moderate”), which de Vaan derives from the s-stem of tempus (“time”), traced to Proto-Indo-European *temp-os (“stretch”).^[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Cicero,^[4] who in the Philippics calls a remark too angry and very intemperate: nimis iracunde hoc quidem, et valde intemperanter.^[3]

Semantic evolution

It means without self-control or restraint, immoderately, excessively or violently:^[2] Cicero speaks of misusing leisure and letters intemperately, and of someone using his wealth too immoderately.^[3] Livy has the comparative of pursuing an enemy, Pliny the Younger of tearing someone to pieces and of loving, and Suetonius of taking sides against someone.^[3] Wiktionary adds licentiously.^[1]

Timeline

• 81–43 BC – Cicero, of intemperate speech and misused leisure.^[3][4]
• 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of an immoderate pursuit.^[3][4]
• c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius.^[3][4]

Meanings

Adverb

1. Immoderately, without restraint, intemperately, excessively.^[2][3][1]
2. Violently.^[2]
3. Licentiously.^[1]

Related words

• intemperāns
• intemperantia
• temperanter

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
4. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
5. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill