Etymologically
Log in

instructus

This is the current revision of this entry, as edited by bogdan on 19 October 2026 at 18:16. This address is a permanent link to this version.
Changes in this edit History

instructus1 equipped

Forms

īnstrūctus (feminine īnstrūcta, neuter īnstrūctum, comparative īnstrūctior, superlative īnstrūctissimus); first/second-declension adjective[1]

Etymology

The adjective “equipped” is the past participle from Latin īnstruō (“to build, arrange, equip”).[1][2] The verb is made from in- and struō (“to pile up, build”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *strow-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *streu-e/o- (“to strew”).[3] Cognate with Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (straujan, “to strew”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Its first example in the OLD is in the Rhetorica ad Herennium, of people better equipped and furnished in every respect;[1] Köbler's first source is Cicero.[4]

Semantic evolution

It means equipped or fitted out, as Livy's forces larger and better equipped than if they were going against Hannibal himself, and often with the ablative, as Cicero's man well equipped in those matters and Horace's “equipped with ten vices”.[1] Of people it is learned, trained or skilled, as in Cicero's question whose eloquence was better furnished with learning than that of Pisistratus.[1] Livy also uses it of a cavalry line drawn up in the best order.[1] Church Latin glosses it “drawn up, ordered, prepared, arranged, instructed”.[5]

Timeline

  • 86/82 BC – The Rhetorica ad Herennium of people well equipped.[1][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of men skilled in learning.[1][4]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace of a man equipped with vices.[1][4]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of equipped forces and a line drawn up.[1][4]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Equipped, fitted out, furnished.[1][5]
  2. Learned, trained, skilled.[1][5]
  3. Drawn up in order, arranged.[1][5]

instructus2 equipment

Forms

īnstrūctus m (genitive īnstrūctūs); fourth declension[1][2]

Etymology

The noun “equipment” is from Latin īnstruō (“to build, arrange, equip”) + -tus, a fourth-declension noun of action.[1][2]

Earliest recorded meaning

Cicero has it of a speech accompanied by the same arrangement and ornament.[2][4]

Semantic evolution

The OLD defines it as equipment or apparatus, and Lewis & Short as arrangement or preparation, citing Cicero.[1][2] In Medieval Latin it means stock, equipment, implements and furniture, and also advice.[6]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of the arrangement of a speech.[2][4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Equipment, apparatus; arrangement, preparation.[1][2]
  2. (Medieval Latin) Stock, implements, furniture.[6]
  3. (Medieval Latin) Advice.[6]

Usage notes

Döderlein says that praeditus refers to a distinction that sheds lustre, while instructus and exstructus refer to a qualification that shows usefulness.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b c d Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  6. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper