Etymologically
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insperatus

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ĩː.speːˈraː.tʊs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [in.speˈraː.tus][1]

Forms

īnspērātus (feminine īnspērāta, neuter īnspērātum); first/second-declension adjective[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin in- + spērātus (“hoped for”), the negative prefix and the participle of spērō (“to hope”).[2][3] The verb is made from spēs (“hope”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *spéh₁-s (“prosperity”), cognate with Lithuanian spė́ti (“to be in time, be capable”) and Old English spōwan (“to prosper”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLL finds it first in Plautus and Terence;[3] Plautus' Menaechmi has someone praying to the gods for an unhoped-for hope, and the Mostellaria says that unhoped-for things happen more often than what one hopes for.[2][5]

Semantic evolution

It means not hoped for or unexpected, of things and also of persons, as Plautus has.[2][5] Cicero speaks of unexpected and sudden help and of sudden windfalls of money.[5] Of neutral or bad events it means unforeseen, as the Rhetorica ad Herennium has of an unforeseen misfortune.[2] Ex īnspērātō means unexpectedly, as in Livy.[2] It has a superlative but, the TLL notes, no comparative.[3] Stelten gives “unexpected, unhoped for”.[6]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of unhoped-for hope.[2][5][7]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero, of unexpected help.[5][7]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy has ex īnspērātō.[2][7]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Not hoped for, unexpected.[2][5][1][6]
  2. Of neutral or bad events, unforeseen.[2][1]
  3. ex īnspērātō, unexpectedly.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de