Etymologically
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ingenuus

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ɪŋˈɡɛ.nu.ʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [in̠ʲˈd͡ʒɛː.nu.us][1]

Forms

ingenuus (feminine ingenua, neuter ingenuum); first/second-declension adjective[1]

Etymology

It is from in- “in” and the root of gignō “to beget”, with the suffix -uus, perhaps through ⟨*genowos⟩.[2][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of the freeborn.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[3]

Semantic evolution

It meant native, natural, as in Lucretius, and in Plautus born of a free father, freeborn.[2] In Cicero it meant befitting a freeborn person, liberal, gentlemanly.[2] Etymonline adds the senses noble in character, frank, upright, candid.[4]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant native, natural, inborn.[5] Medieval Latin used it for noble, and also for freed, a freedman.[6] British Medieval Latin used it for innate, natural.[7] It was borrowed into Italian ingenuo and French ingénu, and gave English ingenuous in the 1590s, and French ingénue gave English ingenue in 1848.[1][4]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the freeborn.[2][3]
  • 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of the native.[2][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of liberal pursuits.[2][3]
  • 1590s – English ingenuous is recorded.[4]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Native, natural.[2]
  2. Freeborn.[2]
  3. Liberal, gentlemanly.[2]
  4. Frank, candid, ingenuous.[4]
  5. (Medieval Latin) Noble; freed.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ a b c d Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  5. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  6. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  7. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press