ingenuus Latin · revision 8370

16 Oct 2026, 16:02 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la gignō}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪŋˈɡɛ.nu.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [in̠ʲˈd͡ʒɛː.nu.us]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''ingenuus''' (feminine ingenua, neuter ingenuum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[in-]] “in” and the root of [[gignō]] “to beget”, with the suffix [[-uus]], perhaps through ⟨*genowos⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of the freeborn.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant native, natural, as in Lucretius, and in Plautus born of a free father, freeborn.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant befitting a freeborn person, liberal, gentlemanly.^(OLD 2012) Etymonline adds the senses noble in character, frank, upright, candid.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant native, natural, inborn.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for noble, and also for freed, a freedman.^(Niermeyer 1976) British Medieval Latin used it for innate, natural.^(DMLBS) It was borrowed into Italian ''ingenuo'' and French ''ingénu'', and gave [[en|ingenuous]] in the 1590s, and French ''ingénue'' gave [[en|ingenue]] in 1848.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the freeborn.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of the native.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of liberal pursuits.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1590s – English ''ingenuous'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Native, natural.^(OLD 2012)
+ # [[m|en|Freeborn]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # Liberal, gentlemanly.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Frank, candid, [[m|en|ingenuous]].^(Etymonline)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Noble; freed.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[gignō]]
+ * [[ingenium]]
+ * [[genuīnus]]
+ * [[en|ingenuous]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}