Etymologically
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includo

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ɪŋˈkɫuː.doː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [iŋˈkluː.do][1]

Forms

inclūdō (present infinitive inclūdere, perfect active inclūsī, supine inclūsum); third conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin in- + claudō (“to shut”).[2][1] Claudō is *klaud-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u-d- (“to shut”), related to clāvis “key”.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Cicero writes of a decree of the senate shut up in the records.[4] Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant to put in a case or receptacle, as a sword sheathed to the hilt in Statius, and to shut up people or animals, as fish in ponds, or prisoners in jail, as in Livy.[2][6] It meant to lock away, conceal, to fence in an area, to close up an opening or a wound, and to bring to an end, as Propertius' “tomorrow may end our fate”.[2]

It meant to restrict a person or a sum, and to incorporate something in a document or speech.[2] English include was borrowed in the early 15th century, first meaning to shut in.[7]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of shutting up a decree and of the gods within walls.[4][6][5]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of shutting captives in prison.[6][5]
  • 57/46–12 BC – Propertius uses it of ending one's fate.[2][5]
  • early 15th century – English include is borrowed.[7]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To put in, enclose (in a case).[2][1]
  2. To shut up, confine, imprison.[2][1]
  3. To lock away, conceal.[2]
  4. To fence in (an area).[2]
  5. To close up, stop (an opening).[2][1]
  6. To end, round off.[2][1]
  7. To restrict, limit.[2][1]
  8. To incorporate, include (in a document).[2][1]

Word family

  • inclūsiō
  • inclūsor
  • inclūsus
  • circumclūdō
  • conclūdō
  • disclūdō
  • exclūdō
  • interclūdō
  • occlūdō
  • praeclūdō
  • rēclūdō
  • sēclūdō
  • claudo
  • English include

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com