Etymologically
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furca

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈfʊr.ka][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈfur.ka][1]

Forms

furca f (genitive furcae); first declension[1]

Etymology

The origin is unknown.[2][3][4] De Vaan rejects the older explanations, which all start from ⟨*ǵʰ-⟩: words such as Lithuanian žìrklės (“scissors”) point to a root ⟨*ǵʰ(e/o)rg-⟩, but the vowel of the Latin noun does not fit, and borrowing from another dialect would be an emergency solution.[5] Wiktionary likewise calls it of uncertain origin.[1] The TLL considers a link with fulciō (“to prop”) through furcula.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and Köbler find it first in Plautus,[5][4] who in the Casina threatens someone with carrying the “dog” and the fork, a punishment collar.[2]

Semantic evolution

It is a two-pronged instrument, a fork: Caesar has casks pushed off the works with poles and forks, and Virgil men sharpening stakes and two-horned forks.[2][6] It is also a forked prop: Cato tells the farmer to fix forks around a plant and stretch poles across them.[2] Soldiers carried their packs on a fork, according to Festus, and Pliny the Elder uses it of a gallows-shaped frame on which dogs were fixed alive.[2] Above all it was a forked frame placed on a man's neck with his arms tied to its ends, as a punishment, as in Plautus.[2][1] Apuleius uses the plural of a crab's claws,[2] and Furcae Caudīnae are the Caudine Forks, where a Roman army was sent under the yoke by the Samnites.[2] In medieval Latin it also means the gallows, a fork in a road, and a labour service of bringing in the hay.[7]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of the punishment fork.[2][4]
  • 234–149 BC – Cato of forked props.[2]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar of forks used to push off casks.[2]
  • 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder of a forked frame.[2]
  • c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius of crabs' claws.[2]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A two-pronged instrument, a fork, pitchfork.[2][6][1]
  2. A forked prop or stake; a fork for carrying loads; a forked frame used as a cross or gallows.[2][1]
  3. A forked frame put on a man's neck as a punishment, a yoke.[2][1]
  4. (plural) The claws of a crab.[2]
  5. Furcae Caudīnae: the Caudine Forks.[2]
  6. (Medieval Latin) The gallows; a bifurcation; a hay-making service.[7]

Word family

  • bifurcus
  • furcifer
  • furcosus
  • furcula
  • trifurcus
  • furcilla
  • quadrifurcus
  • furcillātus
  • furcillō

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  6. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill