Etymologically
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fructus

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈfruːk.tʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfruk.tus][1]

Forms

frūctus m (genitive frūctūs); fourth declension[1]

Etymology

It is from fruor “to enjoy” with the suffix -tus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewHg- (“to enjoy, use”).[2][1][3] Isidore of Seville derived it from frūmen, the throat with which one eats.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's first citation is the Twelve Tables, of profit, and Köbler dates them about 450 BC.[2][5]

Semantic evolution

It meant enjoyment of something, and in law the right to enjoy the profits of a thing, ūsus frūctus “usufruct”, as in Plautus.[2] Concretely it meant produce, including the young of animals, crops and fruit, as in Cato, and the yield.[2] It meant financial gain, revenue, income, and figuratively the advantage or reward of something, and pleasure, as in Cicero.[2] Old genitives frūctī and frūctuis occur.[2][6]

In Christian and Medieval Latin it also meant offspring, posterity.[7][8] It survives in Italian frutto, Portuguese fruto and Romanian frupt.[1] Through Old French fruit it is the source of English fruit in the late 12th century.[3]

Timeline

  • c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of profit.[2][5]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ūsus frūctus.[2][5]
  • 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of produce.[2][5]
  • late 12th century – English fruit is recorded.[3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Enjoyment, (law) usufruct.[2]
  2. Produce; crops; fruit.[2]
  3. Yield, output.[2]
  4. Profit, revenue, income.[2]
  5. An advantage, reward.[2]
  6. Pleasure, satisfaction.[2]
  7. (Medieval Latin) Offspring.[8][7]

Word family

  • frūctifer
  • frūctificō
  • frūctuārius
  • frūctuōsus
  • multifructus
  • ūsūfructuārius
  • frūctuōsē
  • ūsusfrūctus

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ Isidore of Seville, Etymologiarum sive Originum libri XX, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911).
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill