Etymologically
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ferrum

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈfɛr.rũː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfɛr.rum][1]

Forms

ferrum n (genitive ferrī); second declension[1]

Etymology

It is a loanword from an unidentified source.[2][1] De Vaan suggests a Phoenician dialect, from *fer-s-o-, comparing Phoenician 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 (brzl, “iron”) and Syriac “parzlā”.[2] Köbler thinks it came through Etruscan.[2][3] The TLL and the OLD call the origin doubtful.[4][5] Isidore derives it from far “grain”, because iron buries the seeds in the earth.[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Livius Andronicus,[2] who has a spear piercing a chest with its iron point.[5] Köbler places his career before 200 BC.[3]

Semantic evolution

It meant iron or steel, an iron object, and the iron part of a tool or weapon.[5] Above all it meant a sword, and ferrum stood for the sword as the instrument of violence, as in ferrō ignīque “with fire and sword”, and for armed might.[5][7] It was also a gladiatorial fight, and in medicine the surgeon's knife.[5]

In medieval Latin it was a horseshoe and the iron used in an ordeal.[8] ferrārius “of iron; blacksmith” gave English farrier, and ferreus gave English ferrous.[9] It survives in Italian ferro, French fer and Spanish hierro.[1]

Timeline

  • before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus speaks of a spear's iron point.[5][3]
  • 204–169 BC – Ennius says something hardens like iron or stone.[5][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the metal.[7][3]
  • 1560s – English farrier is recorded.[9]

Meanings

Noun

  1. iron, steel.[5]
  2. An iron object; the iron blade or point (of a tool or weapon).[5]
  3. A sword; armed violence.[5]
  4. A gladiatorial fight.[5]
  5. (medicine) The surgeon's knife.[5]
  6. (Medieval Latin) A horseshoe; the iron of an ordeal.[8]

Word family

  • ferrāmentum
  • ferrārius
  • ferrātilis
  • ferrātus
  • ferreus
  • ferrifodina
  • ferriterus
  • ferrūgō
  • sōliferreum
  • ferrāmentārius
  • ferrāria
  • ferrūgināns
  • ferrūgineus
  • ferrūmen
  • English farrier
  • English ferrous

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  6. ^ Isidore of Seville, Etymologiarum sive Originum libri XX, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911).
  7. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  8. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com