extraho
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Pronunciation
Forms
extrahō (present infinitive extrahere, perfect active extrāxī, supine extractum); third conjugation[1]
Etymology
It is from ex- “out” and trahō “to drag”.[2][1][3]
Earliest recorded meaning
The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of pulling something out.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[4]
Semantic evolution
It meant to pull out, extract, as in Plautus, and in Pliny the Elder to draw out to full length.[2] In Cicero it meant to fetch people out by force or persuasion, and to drag out, protract an activity, and in Terence to rescue from trouble.[2]
In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to draw out, extract, withdraw.[5] It survives in Italian estrarre, French extraire and Spanish extraer, and its participle extractus gave English extract in the late 15th century.[1][3]
Timeline
- c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of pulling out.[2][4]
- 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of rescuing.[2][4]
- 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of protracting.[2][4]
- late 15th century – English extract is recorded.[3]
Meanings
Verb
- To pull out, extract.[2]
- To draw out (to full length).[2]
- To fetch out; to rescue.[2]
- To protract, drag out.[2]
Word family
- extractōrius
- extractiō
- extractum
- extractus
Related words
- abstrahō
- attrahō
- circumtrahō
- contrahō
- dētrahō
- distrahō
- intertrahō
- intrahō
- obtrahō
- pertrahō
- trahō
- English extract
References
- ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
- ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
- ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson