Etymologically
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exhortatio

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Forms

exhortātiō f (genitive exhortātiōnis); third declension[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin exhortor (“to encourage”) + -tiō.[2][3] exhortor is a compound of hortor (“to urge”), which de Vaan takes as a frequentative of horior (“to urge”), found in Ennius; he traces that verb to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer-i- (“to enjoy, be excited”).[4][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Cicero.[5] The OLD's earliest quotation is from Plancus writing to Cicero: he has done everything he took on at Cicero's urging.[2]

Semantic evolution

It is the act of admonishing or encouraging, exhortation, and Lewis & Short call it mostly post-Augustan and not in Cicero himself.[2][6] Quintilian reports that Rutilius and Celsus counted it among the figures of speech.[7] It is also an inducement: Ulpian writes of making men good by the encouragement of rewards.[2] Church Latin glosses it exhortation, encouragement.[8] English exhortation comes from it, partly through Old French, from the late 14th century.[3]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Plancus, writing to Cicero, of his encouragement.[2][6][5]
  • c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian on it as a figure of speech.[7][5]
  • before 223 AD – Ulpian of the inducement of rewards.[2][5]
  • late 14th century – English exhortation.[3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Exhortation, encouragement, admonition.[2][6][1][8]
  2. An inducement.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  8. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson