Etymologically
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exercitatio

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ɛk.sɛr.kɪˈtaː.ti.oː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [eɡ.zer.t͡ʃiˈtat.t͡si.o][1]

Forms

exercitātiō f (genitive exercitātiōnis); third declension[1]

Etymology

It is from exercitō “to exercise, train” with the suffix -tiō; ⟨exercitō⟩ is the frequentative of exerceō “to keep busy, exercise”, from ex- and arceō “to enclose”.[2][1][3] De Vaan traces ⟨arceō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *h₂(o)rḱ-éye- (“to hold”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from the Rhetorica ad Herennium, of practice.[2] Köbler dates it 86/82 BC.[3]

Semantic evolution

It was physical exercise, as in Cicero; a moving, agitation, as of air and water in Vitruvius; practice that leads to proficiency, in physical or mental activities; skill acquired by practice; and habitual performance, the conduct of lawsuits, as in Cicero.[2][5][6]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it was exercise, practice.[7] British Medieval Latin used it also for military exercise and for experience.[8] It survives in Italian esercitazione.[1]

Timeline

  • 86/82 BC – the Rhetorica ad Herennium uses it.[2][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of exercise and skill.[2][3]
  • c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of agitation.[2][3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Exercise, physical work.[2]
  2. Agitation, movement.[2]
  3. Practice, training; skill, proficiency.[2]
  4. Habitual performance.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press