Etymologically
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exardeo

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ɛkˈsaːr.de.oː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [eɡˈzar.de.o][1]

Forms

exārdeō (present infinitive exārdēre, perfect active exārsī, supine exārsum); second conjugation[1] The perfect forms are listed under exārdēscō, since the two verbs share them.[2]

Etymology

It is from Latin ex- + ārdeō (“to burn”).[2][1] ārdeō is itself derived from āridus (“dry”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is first found in the Vulgate, in the book of Sirach, where a fire will blaze up in the assembly of sinners.[2][4]

Semantic evolution

The Vulgate uses it for fire blazing[2][5] and of feelings that flare up: anger that is kindled in a short while in the Psalms, and burning with desire in Romans.[5] The TLL notes that the Vulgate's Sirach uses both this verb and exārdēscō.[2] A poem of Felix in the Latin Anthology uses it of marble that shines,[2] and a commentary on the Psalms ascribed to Jerome uses it transitively, of a fire that burns those who turn away from God's commandments.[2]

In medieval Latin it meant to blaze or burn, as in the Carmina Burana, and to be inflamed, of a bishop burning with zeal in Adam of Bremen.[6]

Timeline

  • 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses it of fire blazing and of anger and desire.[2][5][7]
  • c. 1075 – Adam of Bremen uses it of zeal.[6][7]

Meanings

Verb

  1. (intransitive) To blaze, burn fiercely.[2][5][4]
  2. (figurative) To be inflamed, flare up (of anger or desire).[5][6]
  3. To shine.[2]
  4. (transitive) To burn.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  3. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  5. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b c Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  7. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de