Etymologically
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custodio

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [kʊsˈtoː.di.oː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [kusˈtɔː.di.o][1]

Forms

custōdiō (present infinitive custōdīre, perfect active custōdīvī or custōdiī, supine custōdītum); fourth conjugation[1] Plautus has the future passive custōdībitur.[2][3]

Etymology

It is formed from Latin custōs (“guard, guardian”) + -iō.[2][1] The origin of custōs is unclear: Nowicki's explanation as ⟨*kusto-sd-⟩ “one who sits by the hidden (treasure)”, with Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳 (huzd, “treasure”) and Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to hide”), is widely accepted, but de Vaan finds it unlikely in meaning and form.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Plautus, Bacchides: he looks after the property and guards the house (custōdit domum).[2]

Semantic evolution

It is to keep things safe, store them (Columella's kinds of wheat to be kept by farmers), hold something back, and preserve it in good condition, as a cool room keeps wine best.[2] In war it is to guard a position, as the walls (Livy).[2] Of people it is to protect and keep unharmed, and also to watch over or supervise someone.[2][1] Figuratively it is to observe a practice or keep a promise or resolution, as Seneca says it is more work to keep one's resolutions than to make them.[2]

Church Latin glosses it “guard, watch, protect, preserve”.[5]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of guarding a house.[2][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of keeping property and a speech.[2][6]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of guarding walls.[2][6]
  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of keeping resolutions.[2][6]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To keep safe, preserve; to keep in store.[2][1][5]
  2. (military) To guard (a position).[2][1]
  3. To protect (a person); to watch over, supervise.[2][1][5]
  4. To observe, keep (a practice or promise).[2][1]

Word family

  • concustōdiō
  • custōdītiō
  • incustōdītus

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  6. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de