Etymologically
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coram

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈkoː.rãː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkɔː.ram][1]

Forms

cōram (not comparable)[1]

Etymology

It is a compound of ⟨co-⟩ “with” and ōs “mouth, face”.[2][3][1][4] De Vaan reports Walde and Hofmann's explanation from an adjective ⟨*co-ōs-o-⟩ “in front of the face”, which took the ending of its opposite clam “secretly”; compare palam “openly”.[2][3] He traces ⟨ōs⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *h₃eh₁-os (“mouth”).[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan's first source is Plautus, whom Köbler dates c. 250–184 BC; it is a preposition “in the presence of” from Cicero on.[2][5]

Semantic evolution

As an adverb it meant face to face, as in Terence, and in one's presence, before one's eyes, as in Lucretius.[3] As a preposition with the ablative it meant in the presence of, before, as in Cicero.[3]

British Medieval Latin used it for openly, publicly, and in someone's presence.[6]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.[2][5]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of face to face.[3][5]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it as a preposition.[2][3][5]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. Face to face.[3]
  2. In person, publicly.[3][6]

Preposition

  1. (with ablative) In the presence of, before.[3]

Word family

  • incōram

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press