coram Latin · revision 8326

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=compound|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₃eh₁os}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkoː.rãː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkɔː.ram]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōram''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a compound of ⟨co-⟩ “with” and [[ōs]] “mouth, face”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan reports Walde and Hofmann's explanation from an adjective ⟨*co-ōs-o-⟩ “in front of the face”, which took the ending of its opposite [[clam]] “secretly”; compare [[palam]] “openly”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) He traces ⟨ōs⟩ to [[ine-pro|*h₃eh₁-os|t=mouth]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan's first source is Plautus, whom Köbler dates c. 250–184 BC; it is a preposition “in the presence of” from Cicero on.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adverb it meant face to face, as in Terence, and in one's presence, before one's eyes, as in Lucretius.^(OLD 2012) As a preposition with the ablative it meant in the presence of, before, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ British Medieval Latin used it for openly, publicly, and in someone's presence.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of face to face.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it as a preposition.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Face to face.^(OLD 2012)

+ # In person, publicly.^(OLD 2012)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # (with ablative) In the [[m|en|presence]] of, before.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[incōram]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ōs]]

+ * [[clam]]

+ * [[palam]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}