Etymologically
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clemens

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈkɫeː.mẽːs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈklɛː.mens][1]

Forms

clēmēns (genitive clēmentis, comparative clēmentior, superlative clēmentissimus, adverb clēmenter); third-declension one-termination adjective[1] The ablative is usually clēmentī, but Livy and Laberius have clēmente.[2]

Etymology

The origin is uncertain.[3][2] De Vaan rejects the old derivation from Proto-Italic *klejomenos (“leaning”), and finds attractive the idea that it was made as the opposite of vehemēns (“violent”), with mēns (“mind”) as second part in both.[4] To connect it with clīnō (“to bend”), he suggests a form Proto-Italic *kloi-wo-ment-, like clīvus (“slope”).[4] The TLL also thinks it took its ending from vehemēns.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus, who has someone forgive with a kindly mind what is done for love.[4][6][3]

Semantic evolution

Terence uses it of a man who has lived a gentle and peaceful life, and of a mild servitude.[3] Varro calls one kind of pigeon gentler, and Sallust a rumour mild.[3] Lewis & Short note the rare classical use of quiet, mild weather: Catullus has waves stirred by a gentle breeze.[2][3] It can also be a gentle slope or movement.[3][2] As a cognomen it became very frequent in later Latin, and English clement comes from it through Old French in the 15th century.[2][7] Church Latin glosses it merciful, loving.[8]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a forgiving mind.[3][4][6]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence of a gentle life.[3][6]
  • 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus of a gentle breeze.[3][6]
  • 86–34 BC – Sallust of a mild rumour.[3][6]
  • mid-15th century – English borrows it as clement.[7]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Mild towards others, clement, merciful, lenient; of animals, tame.[3][2][8][1]
  2. Of conditions, marked by leniency.[3]
  3. Mild in form or severity, subdued; of sound, soft.[3]
  4. Of weather or water, calm, gentle; of a slope or movement, gentle, gradual.[3][2][1]

Word family

  • inclēmenter
  • inclēmentia
  • clīvus
  • English clement

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  6. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  8. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson