Etymologically
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caudex

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈkau̯.dɛks][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkaːu̯.deks][1]

Forms

caudex m (genitive caudicis); third declension[1] The later form cōdex is used mainly for “book”.[2][1]

Etymology

The origin is uncertain.[2][1] De Vaan thinks it cannot be a recent derivative of cūdō “to beat” and takes it from the stem of cauda “tail”, reconstructing Proto-Italic *kaud-ek-, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂u-d- (“cleft, split”).[2] Wiktionary and the OLD connect it with cūdō, both from a root meaning “to beat, hew”, so that it was first “what is hewn”.[1][3] Lewis and Short call it doubtful.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is found from Plautus onwards, who has its derivative caudicalis.[2][5]

Semantic evolution

It meant the trunk or stem of a tree, as Virgil's cut trunks from which an olive root is pushed out,[3] and Terence used it as an insult, “blockhead”.[6][7] Wooden tablets for writing were cut from it, so it came to mean a book of tablets, a notebook or account book, as when Cato had the book with his speech brought out.[3]

It was also the cognomen of Appius Claudius Caudex, consul in 264 BC, who according to Seneca was the first to persuade the Romans to take to ships.[8][4] In the form codex it came to mean a book and a code of laws, and English code came from it through Old French about 1300.[9]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses its derivative caudicalis.[2][5]
  • 264 BC – Appius Claudius Caudex is consul.[4]
  • 234–149 BC – Cato uses it for a book of tablets.[3][5]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence uses it as an insult.[6][5]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it for a tree trunk.[3][5]
  • c. 1300 – English code is first recorded.[9]

Meanings

Noun

  1. The trunk of a tree, a stump.[3][4]
  2. (as an insult) A blockhead.[6][7]
  3. A book of wooden tablets; a notebook, account book.[3][1]

Word family

  • caudeus
  • caudica
  • caudicālis
  • caudicārius
  • caudiceus
  • cōdicillus
  • excōdicō

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ a b Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  8. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com