Etymologically
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castrensis

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [kasˈtrẽː.sɪs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [kasˈtrɛn.sis][1]

Forms

castrēnsis (neuter castrēnse); third-declension two-termination adjective[1] An inscription has castriēnsis.[2]

Etymology

It is from Latin castra (“camp”) + -ēnsis.[2][1][3] De Vaan traces castrum, plural castra, to Proto-Italic *kastro- (“part, share”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱs-tro-;[4] Walde–Hofmann and Ernout–Meillet explained it as a “cut-off part”, whence a fenced area and a camp.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Cicero has it first,[5] in the Pro Caelio, of the life of military service, castrensis ratio ac militaris.[2][6]

Semantic evolution

It is “of military service”, as Propertius' arms useful in war, and opposed to civil life: Varro defines a truce as a camp peace of a few days.[2] In law peculium castrense is property a son acquired through military service, which the jurist Gaius discusses.[2] It is also “of a camp”: the corona castrensis was the crown given to the first man to fight his way into the enemy's camp, as Gellius explains, and Livy has a camp triumph.[2][6] Pliny the Elder calls a word “a soldiers' word”.[2] In imperial inscriptions it seems to refer to the emperor's military expenses or equipment.[2] In medieval Latin it is “of a castle”, and as a noun a castle garrison, a vassal owing castle-guard and a castellan.[7]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero, of military service.[2][6][5]
  • 116–27 BC – Varro, “a truce is a camp peace”.[2][5]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of a camp triumph.[6][5]
  • c. 165 AD – Gellius, on the corona castrensis.[2][6][5]
  • Medieval Latin – Of a castle; a castle garrison; a castellan.[7]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Of military service or administration; of arms and equipment; opposed to civil.[2][6][1]
  2. (law) peculium castrense: property acquired through military service.[2]
  3. Of a camp;[2][6][8] corona castrensis, the crown for the first man into the enemy's camp.[2][6][8]
  4. Used by or typical of soldiers.[2]
  5. (Medieval Latin) Of a castle.[7]

Noun

  1. (plural) The occupants of a camp.[2]
  2. (Medieval Latin) A castle garrison; a vassal owing castle-guard; a castellan.[7]

Word family

  • castrensiani
  • castrensiarius

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b c d Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  8. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson