Etymologically
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cassis

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈkas.sɪs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkas.sis][1]

Forms

cassis f (genitive cassidis); third declension[1]

Etymology

The origin is uncertain.[2][3] The OLD suggests an Etruscan origin, and Isidore of Seville says the Etruscans called the helmet cassis.[3][4][1] De Vaan notes that only the Germanic words for “hat”, as Old English hætt (“hat”) and Old High German huot (“hat, helmet”), are credible cognates, but a PIE root *kadʰ- would break the rules of root structure; if it is a loan, the type -is, -idis looks Greek.[2][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Plautus.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant a helmet, usually of metal and plumed, as Caesar's muleteers in helmets made to look like cavalry.[3][6] By metonymy it meant war or active service, as Juvenal's age used to the sea and the helmet.[3] Döderlein says cassis was a metal helmet, galea a leather one.[7][4] A by-form cassida occurs in Propertius and Virgil.[8]

In Medieval Latin it was a helmet, also used figuratively.[9] It survives in Italian casside.[1]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.[2][5]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of muleteers in helmets.[6][5]
  • c. 67–c. 127 AD – Juvenal uses it of military service.[3][5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A metal helmet.[3]
  2. (metonymy) War, military service.[3]

Word family

  • cassida
  • cassidīle
  • cassīta
  • galea
  • English hat

Usage notes

A different word cassis, cassis (masculine, usually plural cassēs) meant a hunting net, a spider's web and figuratively a trap; de Vaan connects it with catēna “chain”.[3][2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b Isidore of Seville, Etymologiarum sive Originum libri XX, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911).
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  8. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  9. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press