Etymologically
Log in

carbo

This is the current revision of this entry, as edited by bogdan on 16 October 2026 at 00:07. This address is a permanent link to this version.
Changes in this edit History

Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈkar.boː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkar.bo][1]

Forms

carbō m (genitive carbōnis); third declension[1]

Etymology

The origin is uncertain.[1] It is usually compared with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”) and Old English heorþ (“hearth”), but de Vaan notes that the suffix is not found outside Italic and that Pokorny's root “to burn” is no longer accepted.[2][1][3] The Oxford Latin Dictionary derives it from *car-dho.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Plautus says that coals are needed.[3][2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It was charcoal or coal, dead or burning, in Cato, Plautus, Terence and Lucretius, and the charred remains of other things.[3][5] A mark in charcoal meant blame, as a mark in chalk meant approval.[6]

Medieval writers used it of charcoal for writing and heating, of peat and willow charcoal, and as a type of blackness.[7][8] It survives as Italian carbone, French charbon, Spanish carbón and Romanian cărbune.[1] In 1787 Lavoisier coined French charbone from it, which gave English carbon.[9]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.[3][4]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence uses it.[5][4]
  • 1789 – English carbon is recorded, from Lavoisier's French coinage.[9]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Charcoal, coal.[3][5]
  2. Charred remains.[3]
  3. A mark of blame (in charcoal).[6]

Word family

  • carbōnārius
  • carbonesco
  • carbunculus

Usage notes

Carbō was also a cognomen of the Papirii, such as Gaius Papirius Carbo, a supporter of Tiberius Gracchus.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  8. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
  9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com