carbo Latin · revision 4662

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkar.boː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkar.bo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''carbō''' ''m'' (genitive carbōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(Wiktionary) It is usually compared with [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹|tr=hauri|t=coal]] and [[ang|heorþ|t=hearth]], but de Vaan notes that the suffix is not found outside Italic and that Pokorny's root “to burn” is no longer accepted.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) The Oxford Latin Dictionary derives it from [[m|la|*car-dho]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus says that coals are needed.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was charcoal or coal, dead or burning, in Cato, Plautus, Terence and Lucretius, and the charred remains of other things.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) A mark in charcoal meant blame, as a mark in chalk meant approval.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ Medieval writers used it of charcoal for writing and heating, of peat and willow charcoal, and as a type of blackness.^(MLW)^(DMLBS) It survives as [[it|carbone]], [[fr|charbon]], [[es|carbón]] and [[ro|cărbune]].^(Wiktionary) In 1787 Lavoisier coined French ''charbone'' from it, which gave English ''carbon''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1789 – English ''carbon'' is recorded, from Lavoisier's French coinage.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Charcoal]], coal.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Charred remains.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A mark of blame (in charcoal).^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[carbōnārius]]

+ * [[carbonesco]]

+ * [[carbunculus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cremō]]

+ * [[en|carbon]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Carbō'' was also a cognomen of the Papirii, such as Gaius Papirius Carbo, a supporter of Tiberius Gracchus.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}