candor

Forms

candor m (genitive candōris); third declension^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin candeō (“to shine, be white”) + -or.^[2][1][3] De Vaan traces candeō to Proto-Italic *kand-ē- (“to shine”), from a root Proto-Indo-European *kn̥d- seen in formations such as *kn̥d-ro- (“shining”); the vowel ⟨a⟩ is unexpected, and he explains it by a rule for resolving clusters of four consonants.^[4] He compares Welsh cann (“brilliant”) and Sanskrit चन्द्र (candrá-, “brilliant”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Naevius has it first, in a tragedy, of snow: “when the whiteness was melting in the heat of the sun”.^[2][4][5]

Semantic evolution

It is bright light and radiance, as of the sky in Cicero and of gems in Curtius, and in Vitruvius the glow of heated metal.^[2] It is also whiteness, as of marble in Lucretius, and the fair complexion of a person, as in Cicero's Pro Caelio.^[2] Figuratively it is kindness of disposition and moral purity in Ovid, and clarity of style in Quintilian, who praises Livy's narrative for it.^[2] In Church Latin it is brightness and also frankness or openness.^[6]

Timeline

• c. 235–200 BC – Naevius of snow.^[2][5]
• 96–55 BC – Lucretius of the whiteness of marble.^[2][5]
• 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of kindness and purity.^[2][5]
• c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian of the clarity of Livy's style.^[2][5]
• c. 1600 – English candor is borrowed in the sense of openness of mind.^[7]

Meanings

Noun

1. Bright light, brightness, radiance; the brilliance of gems; a glow of heat.^[2][3][1]
2. Whiteness; snow.^[2][1]
3. Fairness of complexion, beauty.^[2][1]
4. Kindness; moral purity; frankness, openness.^[2][6][1]
5. Of a writer, clearness, lucidity.^[2][1]

Related words

• candefaciō
• candēla
• candēlābrum
• candēns
• candeō
• candescō
• candicō
• candidus
• English candor
• English candid

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
4. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
7. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com