Etymologically
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auxilium

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [au̯kˈsɪ.li.ũː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [au̯kˈsiː.li.um][1]

Forms

auxilium n (genitive auxiliī or auxilī); second declension[1]

Etymology

It is related to augeō “to increase”.[2][3] Ernout and Meillet, followed by de Vaan, take it as a back-formation from ⟨auxilia⟩, the neuter plural of an adjective ⟨*auxilis⟩, from Proto-Italic *aug-s-ili-, built on the ⟨s⟩-stem of the verb (as facilis on faciō).[4][1] The verb goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eug- (“to grow”); compare Ancient Greek αὔξω (aúxō, “to increase”), Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan, “to increase”) and Lithuanian áugti (“to grow”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Ennius writes fer mī auxilium, “bring me help”;[3][5] Plautus has is auxilium ut feram, “to bring them help”.[2]

Semantic evolution

Auxilium is help, aid, assistance, also a resource or a helper.[2][1] In Roman law it is the protection given by the tribunes of the plebs.[2] In war it is a supporting force or reinforcements, and in the plural (auxilia) the auxiliary troops raised in the provinces, which became part of the regular army under the emperors.[2] In medicine it is relief, a remedy.[2][1]

In Medieval Latin it was the feudal aid a vassal owed his lord, including military and court service, and in a narrower sense the money payments the lord could demand in set cases.[6]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius: fer mī auxilium.[3][5]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: is auxilium ut feram.[2][5]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of the magistracy set up to give help (auxiliī causā), the tribunate.[2][5]
  • 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid: vulneris auxilium Pēlias hasta tulit, “the spear from Pelion brought help for the wound”.[2][5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. help, aid, assistance.[2][3][1][7]
  2. The protection of the tribunes.[2]
  3. A resource, a source of help.[2]
  4. (military) A supporting force;[2] (plural) reinforcements;[2] auxiliary troops.[2]
  5. (medicine) Relief, remedy.[2][1]
  6. (Medieval Latin) Feudal aid owed by a vassal;[6] a payment due to a lord.[6]

Word family

  • auxiliares
  • auxiliāris
  • auxiliārius
  • auxiliō
  • auxilior
  • auxiliābundus
  • auxiliātiō
  • auxiliātor
  • auxiliātrīx
  • auxiliātus
  • augeō
  • auctor
  • ops

Usage notes

Döderlein says that auxilium and opem ferre imply someone in danger who is to be rescued, the helper acting as an ally, while iuvāre and adiuvāre imply only someone who is helped to do something better or faster.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  7. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper