Etymologically
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ardens

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Forms

ārdēns (genitive ārdentis); third declension; comparative ārdentior, superlative ārdentissimus[1]

Etymology

It is the present participle of ārdeō (“to burn”), used as an adjective.[1][2][3] De Vaan derives the verb from āridus (“dry”), from āreō (“to be dry”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *ās-ē- (“to be dry”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁s-eh₁- (“to be dry”), cognate with Tocharian A asatär (“dries up”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Ennius, Annals: Nox … stellīs ārdentibus apta, “Night set with blazing stars”; a tragedy of his speaks of burning eyes.[1]

Semantic evolution

It is shining or flaming, of stars, of bright red colours and of blazing eyes.[1] It is fiercely hot, as Ovid's fifth, burning zone, and of fevers burning, of food hot to the taste and of wine fiery (Celsus).[1] Of people it is eager or ardent, as Catullus' young bridegroom, and of feelings and actions intense, passionate or fierce: Cicero speaks of a man seeking death with more ardent zeal, and of a more fiery delivery.[1]

Church Latin glosses it “flaming, burning, ardent”, with the adverb ārdenter.[5]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius of blazing stars and eyes.[1][3]
  • 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus of an ardent young man.[1][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of ardent zeal.[1][3]
  • 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of the burning zone.[1][3]
  • 14–37 AD – Celsus of a burning fever.[1][3]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Shining, flaming, gleaming;[1][5] (of red) bright;[1][5] (of eyes) blazing.[1][5]
  2. Fiercely hot, burning;[1][5] (of fever) burning;[1][5] (of wine) fiery.[1][5]
  3. Eager, zealous, ardent.[1][5]
  4. (of feelings, actions) Intense, passionate; fierce.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson