Etymologically
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annualis

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [an.nuˈaː.lɪs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [an.nuˈaː.lis][1]

Forms

annuālis (neuter annuāle); third-declension two-termination adjective[1] Medieval spellings include annālis and annoālis.[2][3]

Etymology

It is from Latin annuus (“yearly”) + -ālis, a lengthened form of the adjective, which comes from annus “year”.[1][2][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler's first source is the Vulgate, where Ecclesiasticus speaks of a workman hired for a year.[2][5][4] The jurist Paulus' Sententiae use it of lambs a year old.[5][6]

Semantic evolution

In Late Latin it also meant “recurring every year”: a sermon ascribed to Augustine speaks of a yearly feast, the Notitia dignitatum of annual travel warrants, and Cassius Felix of the seasons of the year.[7][6][4]

Medieval Latin used it widely for yearly feasts, dues and courts and for what lasts a year.[3][8] As a noun the neuter annuāle named the revenues of a benefice for the first year after a new holder took it, a birthday, the anniversary of a death and the commemorative mass said on it;[8][3] the masculine named a yearling lamb,[8] and the Carmina Burana use the feminine of this year's sweetheart.[2][3] English annual, from the late 14th century, comes from Old French or directly from Medieval Latin.[9]

Timeline

  • 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses it of a workman hired for a year.[2][5]
  • 447 AD – Cassius Felix uses it of the yearly seasons.[7][2]
  • c. 1050 – The neuter is used as a noun for a yearly commemoration.[2]
  • 12th/13th century – The Carmina Burana use the feminine of this year's sweetheart.[2][3]
  • late 14th century – English annual goes back to it.[9]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. A year old; lasting a year, hired or chosen for a year.[5][6][8]
  2. (Late Latin) Annual, yearly, recurring every year.[7][6][8]

Noun

  1. (Medieval Latin, neuter annuāle) The first year's revenues of a benefice; an anniversary, especially of a death; an obit, the yearly mass for the dead.[8][3]
  2. (Medieval Latin, masculine) A yearling lamb.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  3. ^ a b c d e f Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
  5. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b c d Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  7. ^ a b c Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com