temporale

temporale¹ of time; thunderstorm

Etymology tree of temporale¹

inherited borrowed derived

Latin tempus

French temps

Italian tempo

English tempo

Romanian timp

Spanish tiempo

Latin temporālis

English temporal

Italian temporale

From the same root · temporale¹

Latin contemporālis ← tempus

Latin contemporāneus ← tempus

Latin extemplō ← tempus

Latin intempestus ← tempus

Latin temperī ← tempus

Latin tempestās ← tempus

Latin temporārius ← tempus

Spanish temprano ← tempus

French longtemps ← temps

Italian frattempo ← tempo

Romanian timpuriu ← timp

Pronunciation

• /tem.poˈra.le/^[1]

Forms

temporale (plural temporali); as a noun m (storm) or f (temporal clause)^[1]

Etymology

The word meaning “of time” and “thunderstorm” is learned: it is borrowed from Latin temporālis (“of time; lasting a short time”),^[2][3][4][1] from tempus (“time”).^[2][5][1] DELI splits the Italian word three ways, the adjective of time, the adjective of the temples and the noun “storm”, and GRADIT does the same;^[3][4][2] Nocentini puts the storm under the adjective of time, as this entry does.^[3][4][2]

The Latin adjective became a noun in the 4th century AD, for passing time as against eternity, and the oldest Italian writers use it for “time”.^[3] The shift to “(bad) weather” came late, in Italian as in French, which after an isolated record about 1000 took it into everyday use only in the 15th century.^[3] Nocentini compares French temporel and Spanish temporal and the parallel of tempesta.^[2] DEI adds Sardinian temporale (“time, age”) in Old Sardinian, and Occitan temporal and Portuguese temporal “storm”.^[6]

According to de Vaan, the Latin noun goes back to Proto-Indo-European *temp-os (“stretch”), a stretch that became a stretch of time.^[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELI cites DEI's record of 1219 from Florence for the sense “of limited duration”, and its own first record is Dante, 1313–1319.^[3][6] In the Convivio Dante uses the noun for “time”: Tutto questo fu in uno temporale, che David nacque e nacque Roma (“all this was at one time, that David was born and Rome was born”).^[8][9]

Semantic evolution

In Old Italian the adjective meant “transient, worldly” as against the spiritual (Dante, 1304–1308), and, from Buti, before 1404, simply “of time”.^[3] The noun meant “time, period”, “season” (i quattro temporali dell'anno) and “a suitable moment”, now obsolete.^[9][6] The Church's potere temporale was the Pope's rule over the Papal States, and pene temporali are the punishments of Purgatory, which do not last for ever.^[10][11]

The sense “storm” is first in Machiavelli (1514–1520).^[3] Sanudo and Bandello describe great storms with wind and rain, and in the 19th century Leopardi writes of a violent one breaking over Rome.^[12] Figuratively it is a violent quarrel or telling-off: c'è aria di temporale.^[4] Grammar uses the adjective for clauses and adverbs of time, physics and statistics for time as a variable.^[11][13]

Timeline

• 1219 – First record, in a Florentine document.^[3][6]
• 1304–1308 – Dante uses it for “worldly, transient” and the noun for “time”.^[3][8]
• 1313–1319 – Dante uses it for “lasting a limited time”.^[3][4]
• Before 1404 – Buti uses it for “of time”.^[3]
• 1514–1520 – Machiavelli uses the noun for a storm.^[3]
• 1539 – Caro uses the noun for a storm.^[4]
• 1891 – Temporalesco “stormy” is recorded.^[3]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Of time, relating to time: un limite temporale.^[4][10][14]
2. temporal, worldly: of limited duration, belonging to earthly life as opposed to the spiritual and eternal: beni temporali.^[4][10][11]
3. (history) Of the political power held by church dignitaries: potere temporale, the Pope's sovereignty.^[4][10][13]
4. (grammar) Expressing the time of an action: avverbio temporale, proposizione temporale.^[4][10][11]
5. (physics, statistics) Relating to time as a variable: serie temporale.^[4][11][13]

Noun

1. (masculine) A thunderstorm: a sudden, often violent disturbance with lightning, thunder and heavy rain, most frequent in summer.^[4][3][1]
2. (masculine, figurative, colloquial) A violent quarrel or telling-off: c'è aria di temporale.^[4]
3. (masculine, obsolete) Time, age, epoch; season.^[4][9]
4. (feminine, grammar) A temporal clause.^[11][15][1]

Word family

• temporalesco
• temporalità
• temporalmente
• atemporale
• intemporale
• extratemporale
• intertemporale
• temporalismo

temporale² of the temples

Etymology tree of temporale²

inherited borrowed derived

Latin tempus

French temps

Italian tempo

English tempo

Romanian timp

Spanish tiempo

Latin temporālis

English temporal

Italian temporale

From the same root · temporale²

Latin contemporālis ← tempus

Latin contemporāneus ← tempus

Latin extemplō ← tempus

Latin intempestus ← tempus

Latin temperī ← tempus

Latin tempestās ← tempus

Latin temporārius ← tempus

Spanish temprano ← tempus

French longtemps ← temps

Italian frattempo ← tempo

Romanian timpuriu ← timp

Pronunciation

• /tem.poˈra.le/^[1]

Forms

temporale (plural temporali)^[1]

Etymology

The word meaning “of the temples” is learned: it is borrowed from Late Latin temporālis, a medical term of late antiquity,^[2][10][16] formed on tempora (“the temples”), the plural of the Latin word for “temple”.^[2][3] DEI finds it in Vegetius in the 4th century and compares French temporal, used by Paré in the 16th century.^[6]

The Latin word for the temple has few Romance outcomes, and tempia goes back to Vulgar Latin *tempula.^[3] Benveniste derived the Latin “temple” word from a root meaning “to strike”, comparing the Greek name of the temple, a view with weak points.^[3] De Vaan takes it as the same word as “time”, through “stretchings” and “stretched skin”.^[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

DEI dates the first record to 1574, in Della Croce, while DELI dates it to 1583, in G. A. Dalla Croce;^[6][3] Caro has tempiale before 1566.^[6][3] Dalla Croce writes that the sides beside the outer corners of the eyes are called tempie e parti temporali (“temples and temporal parts”).^[12]

Timeline

• Before 1566 – Caro uses tempiale.^[3]
• 1574 – First record, in Della Croce.^[6]
• 1583 – G. A. Dalla Croce uses it in his surgery.^[3]

Meanings

Adjective

1. (anatomy) Of the temples: osso temporale, muscolo temporale, lobo temporale.^{[10][14][16][12]}

Noun

1. (anatomy, masculine) The temporal bone.^[16][1]